Lead

01 / A closer look

Meet Lead

Lead has atomic number 82: every atom of this element contains 82 protons. It belongs to period 6, group 14 of the periodic table.

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. Isotopes of this element share the same atomic number but have different neutron counts.

02 / Physical properties

Melting point

600.612 K

Boiling point

2022 K

Density

11.3 g/cm³

Atomic weight

207.2 ± 1.1

Melting points, boiling points and densities follow RSC fact boxes. Density is referenced to room temperature; consult the source for pressure and allotrope details. These are reference values, not a claim that every value was experimentally measured. Atomic weights follow CIAAW.

Physical-property source: Royal Society of Chemistry ↗ · Reviewed 24 September 2026

Standard atomic weights follow CIAAW 2024 (abridged). Brackets show an isotope mass number from IUPAC 2022, not a standard atomic weight.

03 / Atomic structure

Atomic structure

Electron configuration

[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

Oxidation states

+4, +2

Electronegativity · Pauling

2.33

First ionisation energy

7.417 eV

Atomic radius

202 pm

04 / Where it is found

Where it is found

Galena and recycled lead-bearing materials.

Production and export figures depend on the commodity and reporting year. No comparable country quantities have been included for this element in this edition.